Your content is always consistently formatted the way you show it? If so, you can use some expressions to generate it in the format needed to populate the SharePoint date field:

I created a manually triggered flow to test it on your format. The first expression takes your value and splits it on the semicolon and gets the last part (the number date):
last(split(triggerBody()['text'],':'))
The next expression concatenates the number to format as an ISO8601 date (yyyy-MM-dd):
concat(substring(outputs('Compose'),0,4),'-',substring(outputs('Compose'),4,2),'-',substring(outputs('Compose'),6,2))
The last compose is just to illustrate that it recognizes Compose 2 output as a valid ISO8601 date:
formatDateTime(outputs('Compose_2'),'D')
Which results in this from your example:
