Hi @ArnaudB
The images are working now but I am sorry, I couldn't understand the language. Creating folders in the Files tab of the Teams Channel is nothing but creating the folder in the Teams associated SharePoint site. Before assigning the permissions or removing the permissions, you have to break the inheritance of the permission from the parent.
1. Please use the 'Send HTTP...' SharePoint action to break the inheritance and clear all the inherited permissions like shown below

2. To find the role definition id, here I find the Contribute permission level id to assign to the user.

3. The next step is to find the User's id, by using the action mentioned below. You have to pass the user's claims value to get the ID.

4. Assign the permission to the user using user id and the role definition id
If everything goes well, only you and the student should see the folder. Try it and let us know if you have any issues.