So my question is, how do I access the user token so that it can be passed onto my backend?

You cannot access the user’s token when the agent uses Authenticate with Microsoft. In this mode, Copilot Studio intentionally doesn’t expose User.AccessToken; configuring the AAD client ID and Resource URI on the Teams channel enables Teams SSO, but it doesn’t make the Teams token available to topics or flows.
To pass a token explicitly to your HTTP flow, you must change the authentication. Steps:
User.AccessToken—shown as System.User.AccessToken in Power Fx contexts.Your backend must validate the token’s signature, issuer, audience and delegated scope.