I think I'll go the route of creating a hidden column that starts at 1 and goes up from there. For now, here is what I did to get the files to rename on upload, to SubFolder_ID:

Split File Path
Expression: split(triggerBody()?['{Path}'],'/')
Get SubFolder Name
Expression: last(take(outputs('Split_File_Path'),sub(length(outputs('Split_File_Path')),1)))
Send an HTTP request to Sharepoint to get type
Uri: _api/lists/getbytitle('Photos')
Send an HTTP request to SharePoint to rename file
URI: _api/lists/GetByTitle('Photos')/Items(@{outputs('Get_file_properties')?['body/ID']})
Headers:
- Content-type: application/json;odata=verbose
- IF-MATCH: *
- X-HTTP-METHOD: PATCH
Body:
{'__metadata':
{'type':'@{outputs('Send_an_HTTP_request_to_SharePoint_to_get_type')?['body']?['d']?['ListItemEntityTypeFullName']}'},
'FileLeafRef':'@{outputs('Get_SubFolder_Name')}_@{outputs('Get_file_properties')?['body/ID']}'}
NOTE: If you copy+paste what I did, make sure you rename the various Actions as I have done
Credit where credit is due: I got the SubFolder stuff from here, and the HTTP stuff from here.