In the first instance in your example the users are logging in, but they are doing it with a physical card that is presented instead of a userId and password. There would be no way to do that without installing something on the remote client.
In the second instance the QR code is specific to the store, not the user. It will get the user to the site. You say it will also populate the interface with the user identity, but I don't see how that is possible since the QR code is generated for the store not the individual. Again this will only work if something is stored on the local computer that inputs the info when the QR code is scanned.
So unless you want to install something on the local phone I don't see any way to accomplish this with anonymous users. The logic doesn't work. The user information has to come from somewhere, either a physical card or software on the local device. The design you are proposing just won't work. There are pieces missing and the example you are citing isn't the same situation that you are proposing.