You could try the following:
Option 1:
And then send a http request to a flow which checks if the request was already marked as done. If yes you can send a response similar to this:
Option 2:
If this does not work you could also the normal button and when the user clicks you can display a different adaptive card depending on the status of the request.
If request already marked as done: Adaptive card that says: request completed on ...
If request not marked as done: Adaptive card that says: thanks for your confirmation ...
I like Option 1 one more.
This is a really interesting use case. I am thinking of writing a blog post about it. :)