Hi @JFrisbee ,
Is the "ListID" column a custom Number column in your SP List?
Have you taken a try with Patch function to update/add items in your SP List?
Further, have you enabled "Enforce unique values" option for your "ListID" column?
Regarding the error message that you mentioned, it seems to tell that you are updating the "ListID" column with duplicates value. Please check if you have enabled "Enforce unique values" option for your "ListID" column as below:

If yes, please disable the "Enforce unique values" option for your "ListID" column in your SP List, then try your SubmitForm function in your canvas app again, check if the issue is solved.
In addition, if you want to add new entry or update existing items in your SP List, the Patch function could also achieve your need:
For Adding new entry:
Patch(
'Your SP List',
Defaults('Your SP List'),
EditForm1.Updates
)
or
Patch(
'Your SP List',
Defaults('Your SP List'),
{
Title: "xxxx",
Column1: "xxxx",
Column2: "xxxx",
...
}
)
For updating existing item:
Patch(
'Your SP List',
LookUp('Your SP List', ID = BrowseGallery1.Selected.ID),
EditForm1.Updates
)
or
Patch(
'Your SP List',
LookUp('Your SP List', ID = BrowseGallery1.Selected.ID),
{
Title: "xxxx",
Column1: "xxx",
...
}
)
If you want to populate the "ListID" column with Auto-Increment value when you add a new entry in your SP List, please try the following formula:
Patch(
'Your SP List',
Defaults('Your SP List'),
{
Title: "xxxx",
ListID: CountRows('Your SP List') + 1,
...
}
)
Best regards,