@TheTurnip
Calculated columns in your list are not relevant during the time a record is created.
"Created By" is not a Lookup column, it is a record that contains the Person record.
In your scenario, consider a LookUp function to perform what you need.
In general, the formula such as this:
LookUp(yourDataSource, 'Created By'.DisplayName = User().FullName && someOtherColumn = "01032022", true)
In the above, I hand-wrote the value of "01032022" because you did not provide any context as to what columns you are working with (other than Created By) and where you are getting the comparison values from.
But, the above formula will return true if such a record exists.
This logic van be used on a Visible property, or in a DisplayMode property to control the user experience when a record is a duplicate.
I hope this is helpful for you.