Hey Phineas,
Do you mean using a Dropdown Combo Box essentially as a filter? Because if so, you definitely can!
What I would recommend is uploading those images to a SharePoint List with three columns:
Column 1: Title (Give each image a name to identify them)
Column 2: Image (Upload the images into this field)
Column 3: Image Group (A Choice column with the options you'd like to be able to filter, ex. [Group1, Group2])
Here's an example:

Then, in your PowerApp, add a Drop down, and in its Items value, add all of the group names as choices in your list. In my example, my choices were Group1 and Group2, so in my Drop down menu, Items = ["Group1, Group2"].
Then, add a gallery, and connect it to your SharePoint List. I would recommend getting rid of most labels and random things you don't want inside your gallery, and then for the Gallery's Items property, you can format your code similar to this:
Filter(
'Practice List',
'Image Group'.Value = Dropdown1.Selected.Value
)
What this does is Filter any images you've uploaded based on your selected Drop down value. Here is how it looks like in action:


And just in case you (or someone reading this later) isn't familiar with how to attach images into a Gallery, use the Insert button up top to add an Image, then change it's Image value to ThisItem.(ImageColumnName). In my example, the Image property for the picture in my gallery was ThisItem.'Image Test' as that's the name of my SharePoint list column containing the image.
Hope this helps!