This is sort of a half-win, as is usually the case.
Here is what Microsoft sent to me for things to check that ultimately led me to the fix:
1. Open the HTML file in a web browser to ensure that the styling is correct.
2. Check if there are any external CSS files linked to the HTML file. Make sure that the paths to these CSS files are correct and accessible.
3. If the styling issue persists, consider using inline CSS styles instead of external CSS files. Inline styles are more likely to be preserved during the conversion process.
4. Ensure that the HTML code is valid and well-formed. Any syntax errors or missing tags can cause issues during conversion.
5. Remember to test the converted PDF file to verify that the styling is preserved as expected.
Long story short, I had to rewrite the inline-styling portion of the code and our handy little PDF's are back to what they looked like prior to this.
Short story long, when I wrote the HTML portion of the flow, I had to do so with the added variable of Power Automate's PDF conversion process. This process made some odd changes to the formatting when it converted the HTML to a PDF, so we had to counter those changes with additional styling to make it look good. I can only speculate here but I think they updated something on their end where it stopped auto-applying some of those (probably well-intentioned) styling/formatting oddities during the HTML - PDF conversion.
To fix our formatting issues, I downloaded one of the flow-generated HTML files that are automatically stored in OneDrive, opened it in the browser, tweaked the code in the inspector, took a look at the print preview until it was closer to the original, applied the same changes to the flow in Power Automate where you generate the HTML, and, lastly, reran the flow. Rinsed and repeated until the PDF's were as close to their prior appearance as I could get. Most styling that needed adjusted were lower values for heights, widths, & margins, along with some adjusted font sizes & the addition of an Arial font family.
We have two flows being utilized that generate PDF's in this fashion and both were fixed by going through this process, so I certainly hope this helps you too!