Hi @GuidoPreite @Fubar @cchannon thanks for your inputs!
It took some time until I head enough time to check the different approaches. Finally I went with the idea of my former colleagues to setup a cloud flow.
In here some details how this could be done
1. Entity metadata
to get the relvant information you can run an HTTP request with following setup:
<environment url>/api/data/v9.1/EntityDefinitions(LogicalName='<entityname>')/Attributes
Newer API versions might work as well, I did not check for differences. Replace <entityname> with the entity to be checked, for example account.
In you flow you will loop over the fields found. In this loop I've implemented a filter to reduce list of fields. For example I excluded fields where logical name starts with "msdyn" oder "msft". To find those custom fields or modified standard fields I used a comparison
ticks(items('Apply_to_each_Attribute')?['CreatedOn'] != ticks(items('Apply_to_each_Attribute')?['ModifiedOn']
So those two properties exist in data model to each field as meta attribute. The ticks() function converts the value into a date so it can be compared.