You begin with the data and licensing. If there are multiple tabs, I assume there is a table on each tab? If so, are the columns the same on each tab? What you're looking for is a nice, clean data structure that could be used. You want to avoid a situation where you need to create new tables for each category/year/etc. If the columns are the same on each tab, instead of multiple tables, you could have one table for everything, with one additional field to indicate which "tab" the row applies to.
Re licensing, do your users have premium licenses? If so you can create the table(s) in dataverse. If not, use SharePoint. No, do not leave things in excel.
So, if you don't have premium, create a sharepoint site to store the list(s), and create the list(s). Be prepared to delete things and start over as you learn how to create lists. Don't rush this step, as having the lists set up correctly is important.
Once you have the lists in place, you might be done, as sharepoint supports search and filtering out of the box. If you need more functionality, figure out what, and then you can build a power app to meet those needs.