To achieve what you're asking, you could use a power automate flow and share the record with an unbound action. This grants access both on the client-and server side, but it is definitely not best practice, and I would advice you to advice for a different process rather than breaking your back in order to meet this requirement.
Can you provide more context on the exact case, you're working with?
To accomplish what you're asking, I would create a table called ParentTable_Sensititive_info.
Create a 1:1 relationship between the two.
Add the sensitive columns to that table (The ones which only the owner is allowed to edit).
Set up the security on the sensitive information table to user-only.
Set the security on the parent table as required.
If you need a more tangible solution, please share more about your case.