Hi @Jasmin_Sch ,
Could you tell me:
- What's data type of 'Objekt' column? Is it a 'Choice' column or a 'Lookup' Column?
- Are there duplicate values in the 'Objekt' column in all records ?
I assume:
1. 'Objekt' column is a choice column. It does not allow multiple selection.

2. There are no duplicate values in the 'Objekt' column.
If my assumptions are correct, I did a test for you and did not encounter any problems.
1\ This is my test list .

2\ Add a dropdown control and set its Items property to:
Choices('3400 ILLU Arbeitspakete Mastersheet'.Objekt)
3\ Add a gallery control and set its Items property to:
Filter(Choices('3400 ILLU Arbeitspakete Mastersheet'.Objekt);Value='Dropdown Auswahl Cluster'.Selected.Value)
4\ The result is as follows:


5\ Insert a gallery control into this gallery control and set its Items property to:
Filter('3400 ILLU Arbeitspakete Mastersheet';Objekt.Value=ThisItem.Value)
6\ The result is as follows:


Are my steps different from yours? Did I miss something?
Best Regards,
Wearsky
If my post helps, then please consider Accept it as the solution to help others. Thanks.